Azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions over cobalt (0) nanoparticles supported on CaTiO3 perovskite

Abstract A novel Co@CaTiO₃ heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized via the sol–gel method, incorporating cobalt nanoparticles into a perovskite framework. The catalyst exhibited exceptional efficiency in the aqueous-phase synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles through azide–alkyne cycloaddition (click reaction). Key reaction parameters, including catalyst loading, temperature, time, and solvent, were systematically optimized to achieve high yields. Comprehensive characterization using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) revealed its high surface area, thermal stability, and uniform distribution of cobalt nanoparticles. The Co@CaTiO3 catalyst demonstrated remarkable reusability, easy separation, and sustainable performance, positioning it as a promising candidate for green and efficient organic transformations in aqueous media.