نبذة مختصرة : India’s rapid economic growth and energy demands have positioned it at the connection of global climate action and sustainable development debates. This paper examines the environmental and legal implications of India’s coal-dominated energy sector and its ambitious renewable energy transition, arguing that fragmented legislation and weak enforcement undermine climate goals. Through doctrinal analysis of key statutes including the Environment Protection Act (1986), Electricity Act (2003), and Forest Rights Act (2006), the study reveals systemic gaps in India’s legal framework. Despite progress under the Energy Conservation Act (2001) and Paris Agreement NDCs, challenges persist: 54% of thermal plants operate in water-stressed regions, renewable projects face land-use conflictsbypass environmental safeguards. This study emphasizes the urgency of integrating environmental justice into energy governance to secure India’s socio-ecological future.
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