Hands-free interaction system using eye tracking for people with physical disabilities

This study presents and evaluates a hands-free eye-tracking interaction system aimed at empowering individuals with physical disabilities by facilitating inclusive digital access, in alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and 10 (Reduced Inequalities). The system’s performance was assessed through accuracy testing, data transmission speed measurement, and frame rate stability analysis. Eye gestures were repeatedly recorded from a single user to evaluate system accuracy and responsiveness. Additionally, usability feedback was collected from 10 participants through structured questionnaires. Accuracy testing showed tightly clustered gaze points with an estimated accuracy of 90–95%. Data transmission was highly efficient, averaging 0.0003 s per data point, with consistently high throughput. The system maintained a stable frame rate of approximately 30 frames per second, enabling smooth real-time performance. User evaluations highlighted ease of use, comfort, responsiveness, and the potential to enable independent computer access, with high overall satisfaction ratings. The results indicate that the proposed eye-tracking system effectively combines technical performance with user-centered design. By enabling accessible communication and interaction, it promotes digital inclusion and reduces barriers to technology for people with physical disabilities. This technology offers a practical, inclusive solution that advances health, well-being, and social equity, supporting sustainable development through enhanced accessibility and empowerment. The findings of this study suggest that the hands-free eye-tracking interaction system holds significant potential in the field of rehabilitation for individuals with physical disabilities. Its high accuracy (90–95%), efficient data transmission, and stable real-time performance support its use as a reliable assistive interface for enabling independent computer access. User feedback indicating high satisfaction, ...