Table 1_Association between COVID-19 pandemic and school refusal among elementary school children in Japan: difference-in-differences analysis.docx

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been reported to have affected children's mental health. However, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on school refusal remains unclear. This study examined the association between the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and school refusal among elementary school children in Japan using the difference-in-differences approach. Methods Data from the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty study were used. We followed up with children without COVID-19 pandemic experience in the fourth grade in 2016 and the sixth grade in 2018 (control group, n = 449) and children with COVID-19 pandemic experience in the fourth grade in 2018 and the sixth grade in 2020 (COVID-19 group, n = 3,733). Results Approximately 3.8 and 4.0% of students in the sixth grade in the control and COVID-19 groups, respectively, were school refusal. Change in the prevalence of school refusal from the fourth to the sixth grade in the control and COVID-19 groups was 2.4 and 2.0%, respectively. The difference-in-differences approach showed that the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic did not increase the risk of school refusal, which remained consistent even after performing propensity score matching. Conclusions The early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic may not be associated with the risk of school refusal in elementary school children in Japan. A more long-term and comprehensive analysis is required to examine the full impact of the pandemic on school refusal.