Supplementary file 1_Effects of plaza dancing on body composition and cardiopulmonary function in middle-aged and the aged healthy women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.docx

Background/objectives Middle-aged and older women aged 45 and above face problems of body composition imbalance and declining cardiopulmonary function due to physiological changes during menopause, while traditional exercise interventions have adaptability deficiencies. Plaza dancing, as a form of collective aerobic dance exercise performed to music in open spaces such as plazas and parks, is characterized by low intensity and ease of learning, and has demonstrated health promotion potential. However, there is a lack of systematic evaluation of its comprehensive effects on body composition and cardiovascular function in middle-aged and older women. This study aims to clarify the effectiveness of plaza dancing on body composition and cardiovascular function in healthy middle-aged and older women through systematic review and meta-analysis, and to explore the dose–response relationship of intervention duration. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines and Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, we systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases (up to July 5, 2025), and included 38 studies meeting the criteria, with 17 studies entering meta-analysis. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (ROB 2.0) was used to assess study quality. Statistical analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.4 and R 4.5.1 to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD) or mean differences (MD). Random-effects models (I 2 > 50%) or fixed-effects models (I 2 < 50%) were applied based on heterogeneity, with subgroup analyses and publication bias assessments conducted. Results Meta-analysis revealed that plaza dancing significantly reduced body weight (SMD = −0.27, 95%CI [−0.46, −0.09], p = 0.004), BMI (SMD = −0.59, 95%CI [−0.85, −0.33], p < 0.00001), body fat percentage (SMD = −0.51, 95%CI [−0.82, −0.20], p = 0.001), resting heart rate (SMD = −0.38, 95%CI [−0.68, −0.07], p = 0.02), systolic blood pressure (SMD = −0.42, 95%CI [−0.76, −0.09], p = 0.01), cholesterol (MD = −0.25, 95%CI [−0.48, −0.02], p = 0.03), ...