Contributors: Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team; Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers CNAM (CNAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord-Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics; Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE); Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire (PNCA (UMR 0914)); AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE); Association Solagro (Solagro); Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Énergie (ADEME); Centre recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition = Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition research (C2VN); Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE); The NutriNet-Sante study is funded by FrenchMinistry of Health and Social Affairs, Sante Publique France, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, and Sorbonne Paris Nord University. The BioNutriNet project was supported by the French National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) in the context of the 2013 Programme de Recherche Systemes Alimentaires Durables (ANR-13-ALID-0001). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, preparation of the manuscript, and decision to submit the paper.; ANR-13-ALID-0001,BioNutriNet,Consommation d'aliments issus de l'agriculture biologique: déterminants et motivation vis-à-vis de la durabilité, impact nutritionnel, économique, environnemental et toxicologique(2013)
نبذة مختصرة : International audience ; Background: Diet-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) mainly comes from animal-sourced foods. As progressive changes are more acceptable for a sustainable food transition, we aimed to identify nutritionally adequate and culturally acceptable optimized diets ensuring a gradual reduction in GHGe, using observed diet from a large sample of French adults, while considering the mode of food production (organic vs conventional farming) and the co-production link between milk and beef. Material and method: Based on the consumption of 257 organic and conventional foods among 29,413 participants (75% women, age: 53.5±14.0y) of the NutriNet-Santé study, we modelled optimal diets according to GHGe reduction scenarios in 5% steps, from 0 to 50% with nutritional, acceptability, and coproduct constraints, for men, premenopausal and menopausal women separately. Results: Gradual GHGe decrease under these constraints led to optimal diets with an overall decrease in animal foods, with marked reductions in dairy products (up to-83%), together with a stable but largely redistributed meat consumption in favor of poultry (up to +182%) and pork (up to +46%) and at the expense of ruminant meat (down to-92%). Amounts of legumes increases dramatically (up to +238%). The greater the reduction in diet-related GHGe, the lower the cumulative energy demand (about-25%) and land use (about-43%). The proportion of organic food increased from ~30% in the observed diets to ~70% in the optimized diets. Conclusion: Our results suggest that meeting both nutrient reference value and environmental objectives of up to 50% GHGe reduction requires the reduction of animal foods together with important substitutions between animal food groups, which result in drastic reductions in beef and dairy products. Further research is required to explore alignment with long-term health value and conflict with acceptability, in particular for even greater GHGe reductions.
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