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Global maps of soil temperature

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  • معلومة اضافية
    • Contributors:
      Benito Alonso, José Luis [0000-0003-1086-8834]; García González, María Begoña [0000-0003-4231-6006]; Ogaya, Romá [0000-0003-4927-8479]; Peñuelas, Josep [0000-0002-7215-0150]; Hampe, Arndt [0000-0003-2551-9784]; Hoffrén, Raúl [0000-0002-9123-304X]; Poyatos, Rafael [0000-0003-0521-2523]; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Geología, Geografía y Medio Ambiente; Lembrechts, Jonas J.; van den Hoogen, Johan; Aalto, Juha; Ashcroft, Michael B.; De Frenne, Pieter; Kemppinen, Julia; Kopecký, Martin; Luoto, Miska; Maclean, Ilya M. D.; Crowther, Thomas W.; Lenoir, Jonathan; Universiteit Antwerpen = University of Antwerpen [Antwerpen]; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich); Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI); University of Wollongong [Australia]; Universiteit Gent = Ghent University = Université de Gand (UGENT); University of Oulu [Finland] = Oulun yliopisto [Suomi] = Université d'Oulu [Finlande]; Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS); Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS); Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki; University of Exeter; York St John University; Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven); University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF); Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC); University of South-Eastern Norway (USN); Ilia State University [Tbilisi]; Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran]; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU); Royal Botanic Garden [Edinburgh]; Qatar University; University of Antwerp (UA); Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU); Agroscope; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Lund University; European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC); Siberian Federal University (SibFU); Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] (UNCUYO); University of Oslo (UiO); Aarhus University [Aarhus]; Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg; Institute of Landscape Ecology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences; Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS); Agricultural University of Iceland; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET); Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales [Mendoza] (CONICET-IANIGLA); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] (UNCUYO); Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO); Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS Ecologie et Environnement (INEE-CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des sciences de l'environnement de Rennes (OSERen); Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE); Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM); Forest Research [Great Britain]; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ); adresse personnelle [Espagne]; Universität Hohenheim = University of Hohenheim; Universität Bayreuth [Deutschland] = University of Bayreuth [Germany] = Université de Bayreuth [Allemagne]; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA); Göteborgs Universitet = University of Gothenburg (GU); University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley); University of California (UC); Alfred Wegener Institute [Potsdam]; Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung = Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research = Institut Alfred-Wegener pour la recherche polaire et marine (AWI); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin = Humboldt University of Berlin = Université Humboldt de Berlin (HU Berlin); Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia = National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA); Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS); AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE); Universidade Federal de Lavras = Federal University of Lavras (UFLA); Ordu University - Ordu Üniversitesi; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = University of Tübingen; Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese] (Uninsubria); Università degli studi di Parma = University of Parma (UNIPR); Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat - Biodiversity Research Institute [Barcelona, Spain] (IRBio UB); Universitat de Barcelona (UB); Universidad Católica de Temuco (UCT); German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); Poznan University of Life Sciences (Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu) (PULS); Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA); Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (Fédération OSUG)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Zone Atelier Alpes (LTSER - LTER); LTSER Réseau des Zones Ateliers (RZA); Institut Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS Ecologie et Environnement (INEE-CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS Ecologie et Environnement (INEE-CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Monash university; University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM); Technical University in Zvolen (TUZVO); Universidad Austral de Chile; British Antarctic Survey (BAS); The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway] (UiT); Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley = Agenzia regionale protezione ambiante Valle d'Aosta (ARAP Valle Aosta); University of Notre Dame [Indiana] (UND); Università degli Studi Roma Tre = Roma Tre University (ROMA TRE); Stockholm University; University of Edinburgh (Edin.); Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá (UAH); Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden); Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften = Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW); Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO); Institut Fédéral de Recherches sur la Forêt, la Neige et le Paysage (WSL); Institut Fédéral de Recherches; Majella National Park - Parco Nazionale della Majella; Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila = Université de L'Aquila (UNIVAQ); Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); University of South Bohemia; Umeå University = Umeå Universitet; Leipzig University / Universität Leipzig; The University of Western Australia (UWA); Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck; Imperial College London; Operation Wallacea Ltd; Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA); Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE); Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols); Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier; Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro); Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST); Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad); Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum [Frankfurt]; Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association; Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo); Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE); Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de Montagne (EDYTEM); Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (Fédération OSUG); Institut universitaire de France (IUF); Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.); LMI IESOL Intensification Ecologique des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de l’Ouest [Dakar] (IESOL); Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD [Sénégal]); SILVA (SILVA); AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE); Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés - UMR CNRS 7058 UPJV (EDYSAN); Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); 12P1819N, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; ANR-10-LABX-0045,COTE,COntinental To coastal Ecosystems: evolution, adaptability and governance(2010); ANR-13-ISV7-0004,ODYSSEE,De nouvelles voies pour la modélisation des dynamiques d'assemblages d'espèces intégrant l'écologie et l'évolution: le cas des écosystèmes de montagne des Alpes et des Carpates(2013); ANR-20-EBI5-0004,ASICS,ASsessing and mitigating the effects of climate change and biological Invasions on the spatial redistribution of biodiversity in Cold environmentS(2020); ANR-19-CE32-0005,IMPRINT,IMpacts des PRocessus mIcroclimatiques sur la redistributioN de la biodiversiTé forestière en contexte de réchauffement du macroclimat(2019); European Project: 774124 , H2020,H2020-SFS-2017-2,SUPER-G (2018); European Project: 282910,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2011,ECLAIRE(2011); European Project: 641918,H2020,H2020-SC5-2014-two-stage,AfricanBioServices(2015); European Project: 678841,H2020,ERC-2015-STG,NICH(2016); European Project: 871128,eLTER PLUS (2020); European Project: 861974, H2020,SOCIETAL CHALLENGES - Food security, sustainable agriculture and forestry, marine, maritime and inland water research, and the bioeconomy,SustainSahel(2020); Department of Biology (University of Antwerp); University of Oulu; Institute of Botany; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR); Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Hohenheim; University of Bayreuth; University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ); Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository; Universiteit Antwerpen = University of Antwerpen Antwerpen; Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution Rennes (ECOBIO); Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ); Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB Université de Savoie Université de Chambéry )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA); LTSER Zone Atelier Alpes; Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt; Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB Université de Savoie Université de Chambéry )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut Universitaire de France (IUF); Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés - UMR CNRS 7058 (EDYSAN); Lembrechts, J.J.; Hoogen, J.; Aalto, J.; Ashcroft, M.B.; De Frenne, P.; Kemppinen, J.; Kopecký, M.; Luoto, M.; Maclean, I.M.D.; Crowther, T.W.; Bailey, J.J.; Haesen, S.; Klinges, D.H.; Niittynen, P.; Scheffers, B.R.; Van Meerbeek, K.; Aartsma, P.; Abdalaze, O.; Abedi, M.; Aerts, R.; Ahmadian, N.; Ahrends, A.; Alatalo, J.M.; Alexander, J.M.; Allonsius, C.N.; Altman, J.; Ammann, C.; Andres, C.; Andrews, C.; Ardö, J.; Arriga, N.; Arzac, A.; Aschero, V.; Assis, R.L.; Assmann, J.J.; Bader, M.Y.; Bahalkeh, K.; Barančok, P.; Barrio, I.C.; Barros, A.; Barthel, M.; Basham, E.W.; Bauters, M.; Bazzichetto, M.; Marchesini, L.B.; Bell, M.C.; Benavides, J.C.; Benito Alonso, J.L.; Berauer, B.J.; Bjerke, J.W.; Björk, R.G.; Björkman, M.P.; Björnsdóttir, K.; Blonder, B.; Boeckx, P.; Boike, J.; Bokhorst, S.; Brum, B.N.S.; Brůna, J.; Buchmann, N.; Buysse, P.; Camargo, J.L.; Campoe, O.C.; Candan, O.; Canessa, R.; Cannone, N.; Carbognani, M.; Carnicer, J.; Casanova‐katny, A.; Cesarz, S.; Chojnicki, B.; Choler, P.; Chown, S.L.; Cifuentes, E.F.; Čiliak, M.; Contador, T.; Convey, P.; Cooper, E.J.; Cremonese, E.; Curasi, S.R.; Curtis, R.; Cutini, M.; Dahlberg, C.J.; Daskalova, G.N.; de Pablo, M.A.; Della Chiesa, S.; Dengler, J.; Deronde, B.; Descombes, P.; Di Cecco, V.; Di Musciano, M.; Dick, J.; Dimarco, R.D.; Dolezal, J.; Dorrepaal, E.; Dušek, J.; Eisenhauer, N.; Eklundh, L.; Erickson, T.E.; Erschbamer, B.; Lembrechts, J. J.; van den Hoogen, J.; Ashcroft, M. B.; Kopecky, M.; Maclean, I. M. D.; Crowther, T. W.; Bailey, J. J.; Klinges, D. H.; Scheffers, B. R.; Alatalo, J. M.; Alexander, J. M.; Allonsius, C. N.; Ardo, J.; Assis, R. L.; Assmann, J. J.; Bader, M. Y.; Barancok, P.; Barrio, I. C.; Basham, E. W.; Marchesini, L. B.; Bell, M. C.; Benavides, J. C.; Benito Alonso, J. L.; Berauer, B. J.; Bjerke, J. W.; Bjork, R. G.; Bjorkman, M. P.; Bjornsdottir, K.; Brum, B. N. S.; Bruna, J.; Camargo, J. L.; Campoe, O. C.; Casanova-Katny, A.; Chown, S. L.; Cifuentes, E. F.; Ciliak, M.; Cooper, E. J.; Curasi, S. R.; Dahlberg, C. J.; Daskalova, G. N.; de Pablo, M. A.; Dimarco, R. D.; Dusek, J.; Erickson, T. E.; Hoogen, Johan; Bailey, Joseph J.; Haesen, Stef; Klinges, David H.; Niittynen, Pekka; Scheffers, Brett R.; Van Meerbeek, Koenraad; Aartsma, Peter; Abdalaze, Otar; Abedi, Mehdi; Aerts, Rien; Ahmadian, Negar; Ahrends, Antje; Alatalo, Juha M.; Alexander, Jake M.; Allonsius, Camille Nina; Altman, Jan; Ammann, Christof; Andres, Christian; Andrews, Christopher; Ardö, Jona; Arriga, Nicola; Arzac, Alberto; Aschero, Valeria; Assis, Rafael L.; Assmann, Jakob Johann; Bader, Maaike Y.; Bahalkeh, Khadijeh; Barančok, Peter; Barrio, Isabel C.; Barros, Agustina; Barthel, Matti; Basham, Edmund W.; Bauters, Marijn; Bazzichetto, Manuele; Marchesini, Luca Belelli; Bell, Michael C.; Benavides, Juan C.; Benito Alonso, José Lui; Berauer, Bernd J.; Bjerke, Jarle W.; Björk, Robert G.; Björkman, Mats P.; Björnsdóttir, Katrin; Blonder, Benjamin; Boeckx, Pascal; Boike, Julia; Bokhorst, Stef; Brum, Bárbara N. S.; Brůna, Josef; Buchmann, Nina; Buysse, Pauline; Camargo, José Luí; Campoe, Otávio C.; Candan, Onur; Canessa, Rafaella; Cannone, Nicoletta; Carbognani, Michele; Carnicer, Jofre; Casanova‐katny, Angélica; Cesarz, Simone; Chojnicki, Bogdan; Choler, Philippe; Chown, Steven L.; Cifuentes, Edgar F.; Čiliak, Marek; Contador, Tamara; Convey, Peter; Cooper, Elisabeth J.; Cremonese, Edoardo; Curasi, Salvatore R.; Curtis, Robin; Cutini, Maurizio; Dahlberg, C. Johan; Daskalova, Gergana N.; de Pablo, Miguel Angel; Della Chiesa, Stefano; Dengler, Jürgen; Deronde, Bart; Descombes, Patrice; Di Cecco, Valter; Di Musciano, Michele; Dick, Jan; Dimarco, Romina D.; Dolezal, Jiri; Dorrepaal, Ellen; Dušek, Jiří; Eisenhauer, Nico; Eklundh, Lar; Erickson, Todd E.; Erschbamer, Brigitta; Royal Society; The Royal Society of Edinburgh; University of Antwerp; ETH Zurich; University of Helsinki; University of Wollongong; Ghent University; Czech Academy of Sciences; KU Leuven; University of Florida; Biological and Environmental Sciences; orcid:0000-0001-6819-4911; orcid:0000-0002-2167-6451
    • بيانات النشر:
      Preprint
    • بيانات النشر:
      Wiley, 2021.
    • الموضوع:
      2021
    • نبذة مختصرة :
      Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1‐km2resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km2pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse‐grained air temperature estimates from ERA5‐Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome‐specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near‐surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil‐related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
    • File Description:
      application/pdf; Print-Electronic; text; text/xml; Elettronico/Electronic
    • ISSN:
      1365-2486
      1354-1013
    • الرقم المعرف:
      10.1111/gcb.16060
    • الرقم المعرف:
      10.32942/osf.io/pksqw
    • الرقم المعرف:
      10.5445/ir/1000143688
    • الرقم المعرف:
      10.21256/zhaw-24832
    • الرقم المعرف:
      10.17863/cam.81331
    • الرقم المعرف:
      10.13039/501100000780
    • Rights:
      CC BY NC
      implied-oa
      CC BY SA
      CC BY NC ND
      CC BY
      URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
      URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.no
    • الرقم المعرف:
      edsair.doi.dedup.....577da255f2365b23a89c5f89d8557d51