Experimental determination of the multiple-scattering effect on the lidar-signal polarization characteristics during liquid- and solid-phase precipitation

We present results of experimental investigations of the signal-polarization characteristics in the case of lidar sounding during precipitation. We show and discuss the lidar signals and the depolarization profiles along the sounding path for liquid- and solid-phase precipitation. In the former case we compare the signal characteristics at different degrees of precipitation rate. In the latter situation, we consider snowfall with particle shape close to that of Chebyshev particles. We also follow the lidar-signal changes depending on the field-of-view of the receiving optics. The experimental data are compared with results of theoretical estimates and models concerning the optical and microphysical characteristics of the rain and snow particles. In the case of liquid-phase precipitation – rain – the observed dependence of the lidar’s signal-polarization structure on the precipitation intensity has two aspects: on the one hand, the change of the raindrops’ shape, and, on the other, the multiple-scattering effects. The lidar data demonstrate that the signal depolarization, and, more specifically, its behavior along the sounding path, can be used as a criterion for the presence of multiple scattering. In the case of a snowfall consisting of Chebyshev particles, the simultaneous role is evident of two factors influencing the lidar-signal depolarization, namely, the non-spherical shape of the particles and the multiple-scattering effects. When the scattering takes place off particles with a large size and a shape strongly differing from spherical, we observed the predominant role of the non-sphericity of the scattering centers in the signal depolarization.