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Figure 5. Axial progenitor-derived trunk neural crest is an optimal source of sympathoadrenal cells. ; (A) Diagram depicting the culture conditions employed to direct axial progenitors (‘NMPs’) toward trunk NC and subsequently sympathoadrenal progenitors (SAP) and sympathetic neurons. (B) FACS analysis of PHOX2B-GFP expression in SAP cells derived from axial progenitors as shown in A. Below: Immunofluorescence analysis of PHOX2B-GFP and PHOX2B protein expression following antibody staining. Scale bar = 100 µm. (C) Quantification of d18 differentiated cells positive for the indicated markers in relation to PHOX2B-GFP expression following antibody staining. In each case four randomly selected representative fields were used to obtain the average number of cells/marker. Total numbers of cells scored: GATA3 (N = 3003), ASCL1 (N = 2575), ISL1 (N = 2963). (D) Immunofluorescence analysis of PHOX2B-GFP together with the indicated markers in day 18 differentiated SAP/sympathetic neurons derived from axial progenitors as shown in A. Scale bar = 100 µm. (E) qPCR expression analysis of indicated SAP/sympathetic neuron markers in d12 and d18 cultures. Error bars = S.E.M. (n = 3). (F) Voltage responses of hPSC-derived sympathetic neurons (after day 19 of differentiation) to current injection. Type I and Type II cells were current clamped and hyperpolarising (negative) and depolarising (positive) current steps were applied (the current injected is shown next to the traces). The resulting membrane potential responses of the cells to these current injections are shown, the traces are overlaid. (G) Analysis of catecholamine production in hPSC-derived sympathetic neurons (after day 19 of differentiation) using a commercial ELISA kit (n = 2). NE, norepinephrine; DA dopamine.

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Figure 2. Heroin increases DA levels in the NAc via enhanced VTA DA neuron activity. ; (a) Fluorescence in response to five neuromodulators in HEK293 cells expressing dLight1 (DYN: dynorphin; GLU: glutamate; 5HT: serotonin; NE: norepinephrine). Data are presented as median with 25/75 percentile (box) and min-max (whiskers).( b), Schematic of the experiment for c-f; (c), Left, medial NAc shell of DAT-Cre+ mice were bilaterally injected with the DRD1-based DA sensor (dLight). Right, the amber light–drivable channelrhodopsin Chrimson was injected unilaterally in the VTA. (d), D-light-mediated fluorescence change following optogenetic activation of VTA DA neurons by Chrimson (mean of n = 3 animals). (e), Example trace from single animal, showing dLight-mediated fluorescence change in the NAc following intraperitoneal heroin (8 mg/kg) or saline injections. Tick mark indicates injection. (f), Average fluorescence after saline, heroin (8 mg/kg), citalopram (10 mg/kg), reboxetine (20 mg/kg) or cocaine (20 mg/kg) treatment compared to pre-infusion baseline (n = 4–7). Intraperitoneal injection of heroin or cocaine significantly increased fluorescence signals (as compared to control injections for heroin, paired t test, t6 = 4.117, **p

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Figure 1. Schematic of dexmedetomidine signaling illustrating similarities to the mechanism proposed for the generation of non-rapid eye movement II sleep. ; Dexmedetomidine binds to α2 receptors on neurons emanating from the locus ceruleus to inhibit NE release in the POA. The disinhibited POA reduces arousal by means of GABA- and galanin-mediated inhibition of the midbrain, hypothalamic, and pontine arousal nuclei. Dexmedetomidine also acts at the locus ceruleus projections to the intralaminar nucleus of the hypothalamus, the basal forebrain and the cortex and on post-synaptic α2 receptors. 5HT, serotonin; Ach, acetylcholine; BF, basal forebrain; DA, dopamine; Dex; dexmedetomidine; DR, dorsal raphe; GABA, gamma aminobutyric acid receptor subtype A; Gal, galanin; His, histamine; LC, locus ceruleus; LDT, laterodorsal tegmental area; NE, norepinephrine; PAG, periaqueductal gray; POA, preoptic area; PPT, pedunculopontine tegmental area; TMN, tuberomamillary nucleus.

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Pheochromocytoma an Adrenaline Addict - A Case Report

• Authors : Safiya I. Shaikh; Sarala B.M.; Bheemas B. Atlapure

Subjects: pheochromocytoma; catecholamines; ne (norepinephrine) and epi (epinephrine)

• Source: Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, Vol 7, Iss 11, Pp 2591-2593 (2013)

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Depressive symptoms predict norepinephrine response to a psychological stressor task in Alzheimer’s caregivers

• Authors : Brent T. Mausbach; Joel E. Dimsdale; Michael G. Ziegler ...

Subjects: NE norepinephrine; SAM sympatho-adrenalmedullary

• Source: http://intl.psychosomaticmedicine.org/content/67/4/638.full.pdf.

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β-adrenergic mechanisms in cardiac diseases

• Authors : Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India ( host institution ); Chakraborti, Sajal ( author ); Chakraborti, Tapati ( author )

Subjects: Heart disease; Signal transduction; β-adrenergic receptor kinase

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Polish Academy of Sciences

• Authors : Magdalena Bujalska; Monika Araÿna; Helena Makulska-nowak ...

Subjects: Abbreviations; NE – norepinephrine; NO – nitric oxide

• Source: http://rabbit.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2008/4_499.pdf.

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ß-ADR–derived IL-10 increases the suppression of CD4 T cell proliferation.

• Authors : Nadine Honke (476538); Torsten Lowin (3501299); Birgit Opgenoorth (11993444)

Subjects: Biophysics; Biochemistry; Cell Biology

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Pheochromocytoma Concealed By Chronic Methamphetamine Abuse

• Authors : Georgiana Constantinescu, MD; Steffen Leike, MD; Matthias Gruber, MD

Subjects: Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology; RC648-665

• Source: AACE Clinical Case Reports, Vol 6, Iss 5, Pp e212-e216 (2020)

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Intravenous administration of sodium propionate induces antidepressant or prodepressant effect in a dose dependent manner

• Authors : Hao, Chunyan; Gao, Zefeng; Liu, XianJun ...

Subjects: Multidisciplinary

• Source: Scientific Reports ; volume 10, issue 1 ; ISSN 2045-2322

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