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Figure 12. Structure of the hemiellipsoid body in several representatives of Malacostraca. ; The sketches of the hemiellipsoid body structure are displayed in relative size and include representatives of Leptostraca (Nebalia herbstii, Kenning et al., 2013), Stomatopoda (Neogonodactylus oerstedii, Wolff et al., 2017; Gonodactylus bredini, Sullivan and Beltz, 2004), Dendrobranchiata (Penaeus vannamei, Meth et al., 2017; Penaeus duorarum, Sullivan and Beltz, 2004), Caridea (Rimicaris exoculata and Palaemon elegans, this study; Palaemonetes pugio, Sullivan and Beltz, 2004), Stenopodidea (Stenopus hispidus, Sullivan and Beltz, 2004 and Krieger et al. unpublished), Achelata (Panulirus argus, Blaustein et al., 1988), Homarida (Homarus americanus, Sullivan and Beltz, 2001), Astacida (Procambarus clarkii, Sullivan and Beltz, 2001), Anomala (Birgus latro, Krieger et al., 2010; Coenobita clypeatus, Wolff et al., 2012); Pagurus bernhardus, Krieger et al., 2012a), Brachyura (Carcinus maenas, Krieger et al., 2012a), Euphausiacea (Meganyctiphanes norvegica, unpublished), Thermosbaenacea (Tethysbaena argentarii, Stegner et al., 2015), Amphipoda (Orchestia cavimana and Niphargus puteanus, Ramm and Scholtz, 2017), Mictacea (Mictocaris halope, Stegner et al., 2015), Spelaeogriphacea (Spelaeogriphus lepidops, Stegner et al., 2015) and Isopoda (Saduria entomon, Kenning and Harzsch, 2013; Idotea emarginata, Stemme et al., 2014). Sketches were made from sections stained using antibody raised against synapsin, except N. puteanus (antibody raised against tubulin), M. norvegica, P. argus and O. cavimana (histological sections), and N. herbstii (optical section). The symbol ‘?” indicates that the presence of a hemiellipsoid body is uncertain. The phylogram showing phylogenetic relationships of malacostracan crustaceans is modified from Harzsch and Krieger (2018) (therein modified from Sandeman et al., 2014, as compiled after Richter and Scholtz, 2001; Scholtz and Richter, 1995; Wirkner and Richter, 2010). Abbreviations: see text and appendix 1.

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Figure 11. Comparison of the higher integrative centers and olfactory neuropils in several representatives of Malacostraca displayed at the same scale. ; Sections of the higher integrative centers (i.e. hemiellipsoid body and terminal medulla) (A–G) and horizontal sections of the olfactory neuropil (a–g) labeled with different sets of antibodies (see below), in several malacostracan species: Nebalia herbstii (Aa), Leptostraca, from Kenning and Harzsch (2013); Kenning et al. (2013), Penaeus vannamei (Bb), Dendrobranchiata, from Meth et al. (2017), Saduria entomon (Cc), Isopoda, from Kenning and Harzsch (2013), Palaemon elegans (Dd) and Rimicaris exoculata (Ee) (Caridea, this study), Carcinus maenas (Ff), Brachyura, from Krieger et al. (2012b) and Birgus latro (Gg), Anomala, from Krieger et al. (2010). Markers: a, SYNir; B, SYNir +RFair; b, SYNir +RFair + NUC; Cc), SYNir +5 HTir; A,d,e, SYNir +ASTir; D,E,F-g, SYNir +ASTir + NUC. ASTir, allatostatin-like immunoreactivity (green); NUC, nuclear marker (cyan); RFair, RFamide-like immunoreactivity (green); SYNir, synapsin immunoreactivity (magenta); 5HTir, serotonin immunoreactivity (green). Abbreviations: see text and appendix 1.

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Figure 5—source data 2. List of genes likely to be specific to the Malacostraca ; List of genes likely to be specific to the Malacostraca.

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Figure 1. Introduction. ; (A) Phylogenetic relationship of Arthropods showing the Chelicerata as an outgroup to Mandibulata and the Pancrustacea clade which includes crustaceans and insects. Species listed for each clade have ongoing or complete genomes. Species include Crustacea: Parhyale hawaiensis, D. pulex; Hexapoda: Drosophila melanogaster, Apis mellifera, Bombyx mori, Aedis aegypti, Tribolium castaneum; Myriapoda: Strigamia maritima, Trigoniulus corallines; Chelicerata: Ixodes scapularis, Tetranychus urticae, Mesobuthus martensii, Stegodyphus mimosarum. (B) One of the unresolved issues concerns the placement of the Branchiopoda either together with the Cephalocarida, Remipedia and Hexapoda (Allotriocarida hypothesis A) or with the Copepoda, Thecostraca and Malacostraca (Vericrustacea hypothesis B). (C) Life cycle of Parhyale that takes about two months at 26C. Parhyale is a direct developer and a sexually dimorphic species. The fertilized egg undergoes stereotyped total cleavages and each blastomere becomes committed to a particular germ layer already at the 8-cell stage depicted in (D). The three macromeres Er, El, and Ep give rise to the anterior right, anterior left, and posterior ectoderm, respectively, while the fourth macromere Mav gives rise to the visceral mesoderm and anterior head somatic mesoderm. Among the 4 micromeres, the mr and ml micromeres give rise to the right and left somatic trunk mesoderm, en gives rise to the endoderm, and g gives rise to the germline.

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Figure 12. Phylogenetic analysis of GH7 and GH9 family proteins. ; (A) Phylogenetic tree showing the relationship between GH7 family proteins of Parhyale, other crustaceans (Malacostraca, Branchiopoda, Copepoda), fungi and symbiotic protists (root). UniProt and GenBank accessions are listed next to the species names. (B) Phylogenetic tree showing the relationship between GH9 family proteins of Parhyale, crustaceans, insects, molluscs, echinoderms, amoeba, bacteria and plants (root). UniProt and GenBank accessions are listed next to the species names. Both trees were constructed with RAxML using the WAG+G model from multiple alignments of protein sequences created with MUSCLE.

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The genome of the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis, a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion

• Authors : Kao, Damian; Lai, Alvina G; Stamataki, Evangelia ...

• Source: eLife ; volume 5 ; ISSN 2050-084X

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