Moths as potential pollinators in avocado (Persea americana) orchards in temperate regions.

Avocado (Persea americana) flowers are primarily diurnal, however low minimum overnight temperatures can delay in the opening of female-phase flowers such that the flowers open late in the day and remain open overnight. To determine whether moths are important visitors to avocado flowers at night, we trapped moths in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, and examined the pollen moths carried. 11.5% of moths carried avocado pollen grains, and 50.4% of all moths were found to carry pollen grains from other plant species. Moth species diversity was highly variable between orchards, but Ichneutica mutans, Ichneutica ustistriga, Epyaxa rosearia, Rhapsa scotosialis, Phrissogonus laticostatus were observed at all sites and Ichneutica steropastis at three sites, with avocado pollen grains found on 10%–33% of these individual species. We suggest that these species may be the most important pollinating moth species because of their abundance, proportion of individuals carrying avocado pollen, and the number of pollen grains per individual. This exploratory study has shown that moths are capable of carrying avocado pollen grains and may be providing a background pollination service to complement that of honey bees (Apis mellifera). To better understand moth contribution to pollination, fruit set needs to be assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]