Water Upconing in Underground Hydrogen Storage: Sensitivity Analysis to Inform Design of Withdrawal

The gas–water interface in Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) reservoirs creates the possibility that water will upcone to the well during hydrogen (H2) withdrawal with detrimental impacts. We study the upconing of water to a hydrogen injection/withdrawal (I/W) well using both an analytical solution and numerical simulation. We carried out sensitivity analyses of the engineered properties (e.g., distance of well bottom to gas–water interface, withdrawal rate) and the intrinsic properties (e.g., reservoir permeability, porosity) of an idealized UHS system. Horizontal permeability is the main parameter controlling the height of upconing. Daily I/W cycles to some degree mitigate upconing because injection pushes down the gas–water interface. Sampling-based global sensitivity analyses show clearly that reservoirs with large horizontal permeability are preferred for avoiding upconing. Minimizing withdrawal rate and maximizing either the distance from well to gas–water interface or the length of the perforated well interval are important engineering controls to minimize upconing.