Professional quality of life profiles and its associations with turnover intention and life satisfaction among nurses: a prospective longitudinal study

Abstract Background Nursing shortage is a global issue. Turnover intention and life satisfaction are significant predictors of turnover. The specific nature of nursing and stressful work schedules lead to impaired professional quality of life (ProQOL), and existing studies have confirmed the effect of a dimension of ProQOL (such as secondary trauma stress, burnout and compassion satisfaction) on turnover intention and life satisfaction. Yet the heterogeneity of ProQOL across individuals is not known. A lack of research on the relationship between potential ProQOL subgroups and turnover intention and life satisfaction, and the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain understudied. The study aimed to determine different ProQOL profiles, and their cross-sectional and longitudinal effects on turnover intention and life satisfaction, while exploring the mediating roles of job satisfaction and work engagement within the relationship. Methods Data were collected at a tertiary hospital in a northeastern province of China. An online questionnaire was administered twice over the course of six months. 1832 and 900 participates provided cross-sectional and longitudinal data respectively. We used latent profile analysis (LPA) and K-means clustering to identify ProQOL profiles, and used the PROCESS macro program to conduct mediation analysis. Results The LPA results supported a 4-profile solution, including balanced protection, good quality, traumatic satisfaction and burnout problem. ProQOL profiles directly predicted nurses’ current and subsequent turnover intention and life satisfaction. In addition, job satisfaction and work engagement mediated the effects of ProQOL profiles on turnover intention and life satisfaction in cross-sectional sample, and mediated the effects of ProQOL profiles on turnover intention in longitudinal sample. Conclusion The findings suggest that nurses’ ProQOL has distinct categorical characteristics and is strongly associated with turnover intention and life satisfaction. Hospital administrators should implement individualized, join management and interventions according to each profile. Furthermore, more attentions should focus on improving nurses’ job satisfaction and work engagement levels to promote good work and life outcomes.