Optimizing nanoparticle attributes for enhanced anti-wear performance in nano-lubricants

Abstract This study delves into optimizing nanoparticle attributes to enhance the anti-wear performance of nano-lubricants, specifically exploring the influence of nanoparticle material hardness and concentration. Investigating the impact of contamination-induced abrasive wear in lubricants and the subsequent enhancement of anti-wear properties through nanoparticle integration into base oil, the research focuses on, CaCO3, TiO2, and Al2O3 materials representing varied hardness levels. Using ASTM D4172 standards, the study examines the wear resistance of base oil infused with these nanoparticles. Employing a response surface methodology model based on experimental data, the criticality of the interaction between nanoparticle material hardness and concentration in determining wear effects is revealed. Analysis through atomic force microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry aids in comprehending alterations in wear mechanisms. The research highlights the nuanced relationship between nanoparticle material hardness and concentration in shaping wear behavior within lubricants. Softer materials, like CaCO3, demand higher concentrations for comparable wear reduction as observed with lower concentrations of harder materials, such as Al2O3. Conversely, higher concentrations of harder materials can exacerbate wear, as confirmed by EDS analysis and surface topography studies. This study underscores the importance of nanoparticle material hardness and concentration interaction in determining the efficacy of nanoparticles as anti-wear agents in lubricants. It emphasizes the need to optimize both factors for enhanced anti-wear properties in nanoparticle-based nano-lubricants, offering insights crucial for their application in practical scenarios.