Glandular trichomes: the factory of artemisinin biosynthesis

Plant glandular trichomes serve as crucial secretory organs, responsible for the production, modification, and storage of various vital secondary metabolites, including medicinal natural products, while also playing a role in plant defense mechanisms. Artemisia annua L. (A. annua) stands as a significant herb in traditional Chinese medicine because of its primary active compound, artemisinin, which is the most potent antimalarial agent. The glandular trichomes of A. annua are closely related to the synthesis and accumulation of artemisinin. As research in medicinal plants progresses, the significance of glandular trichomes in the study of plant secondary metabolites has notably escalated. Given their pivotal role in artemisinin biosynthesis, the growth and development of A. annua glandular trichomes directly influence the yield and quality of artemisinin. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest research advancements regarding A. annua glandular trichomes, encompassing their morphology, function, growth, and developmental influencing factors, and the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway. The aim is to provide substantial support for ongoing investigations into the growth and development of A. annua glandular trichomes and the underlying mechanisms of metabolic regulation.