Microplastics and heavy metals in freshwater fish species in the southwestern region of Bangladesh: An emerging concern for public health

Microplastics (MPs) pollution and its associated toxicity raising concerns among scientists as a result of their toxicological impacts on human health and the ecosystem. This study aims to investigate the microplastics and heavy metals (HMs) contamination in seventeen freshwater fish species collected from the Southwestern region of Bangladesh. Microplastics extracted from these species using the hydrogen peroxide digestion method and characterized by Attenuated Total Reflection- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was used to determine the concentration of HMs in different species for evaluating human health risks. A total of 142 microplastic particles were extracted with an average concentration of 1.13 ± 0.84 items per individual of fish, where the highest microplastics were found in C. punctata (3.43 ± 3.15 items) and lowest in A. mola (0.14 ± 0.38 items). Identified microplastics were dominated by Cu (0.01–1.14; 0.50 ± 0.44) > Pb (0.04–0.58; 0.22 ± 0.12) > Cd (0.00–0.11; 0.03 ± 0.03), respectively. Heavy metals-based human health risk assessment results show that there are no major non-carcinogenic health risks (THI