Teori Gradasi : Komparasi Antara Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi Dan Mulla Sadra

Prior to Mullā Ṣadrā, the discussion of the gradation (al-tashkīk) was limited on the category of quality and that of quantity, both are known as the differential gradation (al-tashkīk al- tafāḍulī). In Ibn Sīnā’s point of view, the gradation occurs in the accidental matters (al-tashkīk fī al-‘araḍī) while in Suhrawardi’s, it occurs in the quiddity (al-tashkīk fī al-māhiyyah). Mullā Ṣadrā rejects both views and proves that essentially (bi al-dhāt) the gradation, in the specific sense, occurs in the reality of existence (tashkīk fī ḥaqīqat al-wujūd), while the gradation in the general sense just follows (bi al-ilḥaq) it. Using descriptive-analytical method and comparative approache, this article is aimed to show the meeting points as well as separating ones of the thoughts of the three philosophers concerning gradation; also, to point out that after proving the oneness in the reality of existence and asserting the differential gradation in it, Mullā Ṣadrā proceeds to elaborate two other kinds of gradation: (1) that which is more specific than the differential gradation, i.e., the causal gradation (al-tashkīk al-‘illī), and (2) that which is outside of the differential gradation, i.e., the accidental gradation. Keywords : gradation, the gradation in matters, the causal gradation, the accidental gradation. Pembahasan gradasi (al-tasykīk) sebelum periode Mullā Shadrā terbatas pada kategori kualitas dan kuantitas, atau dikenal dengan istilah gradasi diferensial (al-tasykīk al- tafādhulī). Dalam pandangan Ibn Sīnā, gradasi terjadi pada hal-hal aksidental (al-tasykīk fī al-‘aradhī); sementara menurut Suhrawardī, gradasi terjadi pada quiditas (al-tasykīk fī al-māhiyyah). Mullā Shadrā menolak kedua pandangan tersebut dan membuktikan bahwa gradasi, dalam makna spesifik, secara esensial (bi al-dzāt) terjadi pada hakikat eksistensi (tasykīk fī ḥaqīqat al-wujūd), sedangkan gradasi dalam makna umum terjadi tidak secara esensial melainkan hanya mengikuti (bi al-ilḥaq). Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif- analitis dan pendekatan komparatif, ulasan artikel ini ditujukan untuk memperlihatkan titik temu dan perbedaan pandangan ketiga filsuf tersebut seputar gradasi; juga, menunjukkan bagaimana Mullā Shadrā, setelah membuktikan klaim adanya kesatuan dan gradasi diferensial pada hakikat eksistensi, melanjutkan mengelaborasi dua gradasi lainnya: (1) pertama, gradasi yang lebih spesifik (akhashsh) dari gradasi diferensial, yaitu gradasi kausal (al-tasykīk al-‘illī); dan, (2) kedua, gradasi di luar gradasi direfensial, yaitu gradasi aksidental (al-tasykīk al-‘aradhi). Kata-kata Kunci : gradasi, gradasi dalam materi, gradasi kausal, gradasi aksidental.