Intraspecific variation of invaded pollination networks – the role of pollen-transport, pollen-transfer and different levels of biological organization

• Pollination networks have long been studied by quantifying plant-flower visitor species interactions. Despite making considerable contributions, this ignores important steps of pollen movement from anthers to receptive stigmas and neglects the intraspecific variation of the interacting partners. Addressing specialization and niche partitioning regarding heterospecific pollen transport and transfer, is fundamental to untangle the mechanisms behind contrasts seen in the impact of alien species on native communities. • We used two well-sampled datasets on pollen-transport and pollen-transfer networks to test how intraspecific variation in interaction specialisation affects invaded pollination networks. We considered different levels of biological organization: from species- to individual-based networks. • We found significant intraspecific variation in the pollen loads and pollen deposition of the invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera; thus only a few individual pollinators and plant stigmas carried large amounts of alien pollen grains, potentially functioning as super-spreaders driving the invading process. Consequently, most individuals carried only a few, or no alien pollen at all, possibly buffering the negative effects of invasive plants at the population and community levels. • Node and structural specialization were higher for individual-based and pollen-transfer networks, suggesting a lack of dominant, highly generalist links when downscaling from pollen-transport to pollen-transfer, and from species to individual-based networks. • The high specialization, selectiveness and niche partitioning of plants, pollinators and their interaction revealed at the different stages of the pollination process and across distinct levels of biological organization, suggest important mechanisms associated with the (re) organization of population niches. Moreover, these mechanisms provide a promising approach towards a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of invasion biology from population to community and ecosystem functioning.