Prescription of physical exercise for postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis based on a systematic review of randomized clinical trials ; Prescripción de ejercicio físico para mujeres posmenopáusicas con osteopenia u osteoporosis basada en una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (Prescription of physical exercise for postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis based on a systematic review of randomized clinical trials) ; Prescrição de exercício físico para mulheres na pós-menopausa com osteopenia ou osteoporose com base em revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados

Background: To analyze the methods of physical exercises that are efficient in improving the levels of bone mineral density (BMD)/T-score of postmenopausal women and to elaborate an exercise prescription model for women with low BMD and/or osteoporosis. Methods: We searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that analyzed physical exercise methods that show efficiency for BMD in postmenopausal women with low BMD and/or osteoporosis. Results: Nine RCTs were selected. The most efficient exercises to improve the BMD were resistance, multicomponent, aerobic, and vibration training. The least efficient method was water training (hydrogymnastics). Conclusion: Exercises in normal gravity had the best effects on BMD compared to those performed in reduced gravity. Adequate training frequency should be 3 times/week or more. Intervention time should be around 12 months or more. The training intensity should be between moderate and high. Moreover, the exercise prescription proposal relates the T-score classification, level of physical activity, and use of medication, in addition to anamnesis, which considers the patients' previous fractures and risk factors for fractures. Keywords: bone mineral density, osteoporosis, physical activity, older ; Antecedentes: Analizar los métodos de ejercicios físicos que son eficientes para mejorar los niveles de densidad mineral ósea (DMO)/T-score de mujeres posmenopáusicas y elaborar un modelo de prescripción de ejercicio para mujeres con baja DMO y/u osteoporosis. Métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos MEDLINE (a través de PubMed), ScienceDirect, Web of Science y Scopus de ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA) que analizaron métodos de ejercicio físico que muestran eficiencia para la DMO en mujeres posmenopáusicas con baja DMO y/u osteoporosis. Resultados: Se seleccionaron nueve ECA. Los ejercicios más eficientes para mejorar la DMO fueron el entrenamiento de resistencia, multicomponente, ...