Energy changes and socio-spatial reconfigurations in southern Peru ; Cambios energéticos y reconfiguraciones socio-espaciales en el sur del Perú ; Changements énergétiques et reconfigurations socio-spatiales dans le sud du Pérou

The discovery in the 1980s of important gas deposits in the province of Camisea in Cusco marks a major turning point in the history of the Peruvian energy system. The energy policy of the Peruvian state deviates from the imperative of a decarbonized energy transition, and, since the 2000s has focused on natural gas extracted from the national territory, in order to expand access to modern sources of energy and to secure its energy supply. An energy infrastructure mega-project, the South Peruvian Gas Pipeline, is oriented towards the southern regions, which resulted in the expansion of residential gas networks. This reorientation of the Peruvian energy system towards the use of natural gas poses many problems and challenges, including the problems related to the exploitation of this resource located in a fragile geographic area, the need to consolidate a national gas market that would motivate the deployment of a national gas network. Based on an approach combining the change of scale, the dimension of socio-spatial materiality and the relations between society and techniques, this thesis seeks to articulate the energy changes to the socio-spatial configurations that are in constant evolution. The method followed consists, on the one hand, in carrying out multi-site fieldwork in the south of Peru targeting by different large-scale energy programs, in order to observe these energy changes in different spaces, from institutions to homes. On the other hand, it relied on literature analysis and discourses to trace the genesis and evolution of the Peruvian energy system, which revealed the gradual construction of a consensus around natural gas. In addition, the use of cartographic and statistical methods attempted to capture the socio- spatial materiality of these energy changes. Thus, this thesis highlights the multi-scalar and multifaceted nature of energy changes in the Peruvian case, while proposing an approach that can be applied to other emerging countries. ; En la década de los años 1980, el descubrimiento de ...