Cyanidin-3-glucoside as a possible biomarker for anthocyanin-rich berry intake in body fluids of healthy humans: a systematic review of clinical trials.

Anthocyanins are phenolic compounds found in berries. They exhibit promising health benefits in humans, but no accurate biomarkers of berry intake have been identified thus far.The aim of this systematic review is to propose a biomarker of anthocyanin-rich berry intake in human plasma and urine.PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched from January 2008 to January 2019.Databases were searched for human intervention studies that assessed the presence of anthocyanins in human body fluids using high-throughput techniques. Non-English articles and studies publishing targeted analyses were excluded.Ten clinical trials, in which 203 phenolic compounds were identified, were included and assessed qualitatively. The following criteria were used to identify biomarkers of berry intake: frequency, plausibility, dose-response, time response, robustness, reliability, stability, analytical performance, and reproducibility. Sensitivity and specificity of potential biomarkers were determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve.Of the 203 phenolic compounds identified in human samples, the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside was the molecule found most frequently in urine (58.06%) and plasma (69.49%). Cyanidin-3-glucoside fulfills the essential criterion of plausibility as well as the dose-response, time response, stability, and analytical performance criteria. Its positive predictive value is 74% (P?=?0.210) in plasma, which is acceptable, and 61.7% (P?=?0.402) in urine.Current evidence suggests that cyanidin-3-glucoside is a potential biomarker of anthocyanin-rich berry intake in plasma and urine of healthy humans.CRD42018096796.© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute.