Nucleoredoxin – a redox modulator of calcium calmodulin kinase 2a promoting the exploratory behavior in mice

Redox homeostasis must be kept in balance for an intact redox signaling, which is necessary to control neuronal pathways such as growth cone pathfinding, synaptic plasticity and transmission (Oswald, Garnham, Sweeney, & Landgraf, 2018). Nucleoredoxin (NXN) is an oxidoreductase and thioredoxin-like protein holding two conserved cysteine residues in its structure (Funato & Miki, 2007), which are essential for its redox-regulating functionality. The function of NXN in neurons is still less well studied. But the expression of NXN in neurons, which was confirmed through analyzing adult NXN-LacZ reporter mice, suggested a dominant functional role in neuronal pathways. Initial experiments revealed calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 a (Camk2a) as a potential interaction partner through a Yeast-2-Hybrid screen (not shown) which is the major protein to induce synaptic plasticity during neuronal activity. Therefore, neuronal expression of NXN and the potential interaction with Camk2a prompted us to investigate deeper into the neuronal pathway. The goal of this work was to confirm the interaction of Camk2a and NXN with further experiments and to characterize behavior of mice carrying a neuronal NXN deletion. To achieve a pan-neuronal depletion of NXN expression in our mouse model, we used the Cre/loxP system with a NestinCre driver. We did not achieve the expected complete deletion of NXN due to unknown compensatory mechanisms. Nevertheless, the partial deletion of NXN in our transgenic mouse model prevented embryonic lethality as occurring in complete NXN knockout mice (Funato et al., 2010). The interaction of Camk2a and NXN was confirmed through proximity ligation assay (PLA) and immunofluorescence staining of primary cortical neurons. Investigations of the functional interaction revealed a lower redox-sensitivity of Camk2a activity in NXN-deficient brain samples. Additionally, the respiratory activity was significantly reduced in mitochondria of NXN deficient mouse brain pointing to possible dysfunctional ...