From lateral plate mesoderm formation to limb position - Linking hox collinear activation and forelimb position in birds ; De la formation de la lame latérale à la position des membres - liens entre la colinéarité temporelle des gènes hox et la position de l'aile chez les oiseaux

Limb position along the main body axis is highly consistent within one species but very variable among tetrapods. Despite major advances in our understanding of limb patterning in three dimensions, how limbs reproducibly form along the anteroposterior axis remains largely unknown. Hox genes have long been suspected to play a role in this process, however supporting evidences are mostly correlative and a direct role has yet to be demonstrated. Here, using bird embryos, I show that limb position is established very early during development, during the process of gastrulation. I find that the formation of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm (i.e. the embryonic compartment from which limbs will form) is a progressive process and that co-linear activation of Hox genes sequentially patterns it along the antero-posterior axis. Subsequent combinatorial activation and repression activities of Hox genes on limb initiation are particularly critical to pattern the LPM into limb- and non-limb-forming domains. Finally, by analyzing chicken, zebra finch and ostrich embryos which exhibit variation in their forelimb position, I show that relative changes in the timing of co-linear Hox gene activation during gastrulation underlie variation in limb position. Altogether these result shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanism that regulate limb position by showing a direct and early role for Hox genes in this process during gastrulation and provide a mechanism for variation in body plan organization observed in tetrapods. ; La position des membres le long du corps est reproductible chez une même espèce mais est très variable entre différentes espèces. Comment les membres acquièrent leur position et quel mécanisme est à l'origine de ces variations est à ce jour non élucidé. De part leur rôle dans la mise en place des axes embryonnaires, les gènes Hox sont depuis longtemps suspectés de jouer un rôle dans ce processus. Cependant les différentes preuves disponibles à ce jour restent indirectes et corrélatives. Chez l'embryon de poulet, ...