Hybrid renewable-hydrogen energy systems and their role in the energy transition.

Global energy-related CO2 emissions grew by 1.1% in 2023, increasing 410 Mt to reach a new record of 37.4 Gt. Emissions from coal accounted for more than 65% of the increase in 2023. The global shortfall in hydropower generation due to droughts drove up emissions by around 170 Mt. Between 2019 and 2023, total energy-related emissions increased around 900 Mt. These emissions cause environmental concerns of air pollution (causing health issues), water contamination (affecting humans, animals and plants using it, land degradation or destruction from human activities (this lessens the quality and/or productivity of the land for agriculture, forestation, construction, etc.), climate change (destructive impacts include, but are not limited to, melting of polar ice, change in seasons, new illnesses, and change in the general climate situation), global warming (this results from the fossil fuel GHG emissions), effect on marine life (affecting shellfish and microscopic fish) and depletion of the ozone layer (loss of earth protection from the sun unsafe beams).