High spatial coherence and short pulse duration revealed by the Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry at the European XFEL

Second-order intensity interferometry was employed to study the spatial and temporal properties of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser(EuXFEL). Measurements were performed at the soft x-ray Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE3) undulator beamline at a photonenergy of 1.2 keV in the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) mode. Two high-power regimes of the SASE3 undulator settings, i.e.,linear and quadratic undulator tapering at saturation, were studied in detail and compared with the linear gain regime. The statistical analysisshowed an exceptionally high degree of spatial coherence up to 90% for the linear undulator tapering. Analysis of the measured data in spectraland spatial domains provided an average pulse duration of about 10 fs in our measurements. The obtained results will be valuable for theexperiments requiring and exploiting short pulse duration and utilizing high coherence properties of the EuXFEL.