Pivotal role of intestinal cholesterol and nuclear receptor LXR in metabolic liver steatohepatitis and hepatocarcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence is continuously increasing worldwide, due to the rise of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) cases. Cholesterol is an essential driver of the metabolic dysregulations that promote HCC progression. Liver X Receptor (LXR) is a nuclear receptor best known for the regulation of lipid and cholesterol homeostasis, with a prominent function in the liver and in the intestine. Here, we aimed to explore whether modifications in intestinal lipid metabolism may contribute to the onset of HCC, particularly taking into account cholesterol metabolism and LXRs. To study the progression of MASH to HCC, we induced metabolic HCC in wild-type male mice and mice carrying an intestinal chronic activation of LXRα. Also, we analysed human hepatic transcriptome datasets. The increased consumption of fat and carbohydrates drives the intestinal activation of LXRα and accelerates the onset of the hepatic tumours. Chronic intestinal-specific activation of LXRα enhances HCC progression only in the presence of a high cholesterol intake. In HCC, despite the increased hepatic cholesterol content, LXR is not active, thus driving liver cancer development. Intriguingly, in line with these results in the mouse model, LXR transcriptome is also downregulated in human hepatocarcinoma and its expression level in liver tumours directly correlates with a decreased survival rate in patients. Overall, our findings establish the relevance of the intestine in influencing the susceptibility to MASH-HCC and point to intestinal LXRα activation as a driver of metabolic liver cancer in the presence of dietary cholesterol.