Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century

We report genome-wide data from 33 Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), dated to the 14th century, obtained following a salvage excavation at the medieval Jewish cemetery of Erfurt, Germany. The Erfurt individuals are genet-ically similar to modern AJ, but they show more variability in Eastern European-related ancestry than mod-ern AJ. A third of the Erfurt individuals carried a mitochondrial lineage common in modern AJ and eight carried pathogenic variants known to affect AJ today. These observations, together with high levels of runs of homozygosity, suggest that the Erfurt community had already experienced the major reduction in size that affected modern AJ. The Erfurt bottleneck was more severe, implying substructure in medieval AJ. Overall, our results suggest that the AJ founder event and the acquisition of the main sources of ancestry pre-dated the 14th century and highlight late medieval genetic heterogeneity no longer present in modern AJ. ; The study was funded by the Israel Science Foundation grant 407/17 and the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation grant 2017024 to S.C., by the National Science Foundation (USA) grants 1912776 and 0922374 to V.R., by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ESF Investing in your future" grant "Ayudas para contratos Ramon y Cajal" to I.O., and by the following grants to D.R.: NIH grants GM100233 and HG012287; the Allen Discovery Center program, a Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group advised program of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation; John Templeton Foundation grant 61220; a private gift from Jean-Francois Clin; and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.