Modification of a multi-host disease risk through the introduction of a reservoir species: the case of Lymedisease and of the Siberian chipmunk in French suburban forests ; Modification du risque d'une maladie multi-hôtes suite à l'introduction d'une espèce réservoir : Cas de la maladie de Lyme et du tamia de Sibérie en Ile-de-France

The variation of the composition of host communities can modify the risk of diseases involving these species. In particular, the introduction of a potentially reservoir species may increase the disease risk, by acting as an additional reservoir or by amplifying the circulation of pathogens in the native reservoirs. We quantified the contribution of an introduced species, the Siberian chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus barberi), to the risk of a multi-host vector-borne disease, Lyme borreliosis (LB), due to bacteria that belong to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex and transmitted by bites of hard ticks, especially by Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe. First, we verified if the Siberian chipmunk is a competent reservoir host for LB in the field, by testing if chipmunks can transmit B. burgdorferi sl to I. ricinus ticks and maintain the infection. Chipmunks were highly infested by ticks and infected by B. burgdorferi sl, and they are able to transmit the bacteria to ticks. Our results did not show clear maintenance patterns. Second, one of the parameter of LB risk for human is the acarologic risk, which is the density of infected questing nymphs. We evaluated the contribution of chipmunks to this risk and compared it with the one of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), two known reservoir rodents. Moreover, we studied the variation of the contribution. We used two approaches, the one based on captures of rodents and the other one on host-blood meal analysis of questing nymphs. Chipmunks produced more infected nymphs than voles and mice. The contribution of chipmunks varies between years according to chipmunk density and during the year according to tick availability. The higher infestation by I. ricinus and infection by B. burgdorferi sl of chipmunks in comparison to native reservoir rodents, could be due to its higher exposition to ticks. As Siberian chipmunk seems to be a competent reservoir host for LB with strong contribution, they can “spillback” infection to native communities and ...