Modeling of case-cohort data by multiple imputation : application to cardio-vascular epidemiology ; Modélisation des données d'enquêtes cas-cohorte par imputation multiple : application en épidémiologie cardio-vasculaire

The weighted estimators generally used for analyzing case-cohort studies are not fully efficient. However, case-cohort surveys are a special type of incomplete data in which the observation process is controlled by the study organizers. So, methods for analyzing Missing At Random (MAR) data could be appropriate, in particular, multiple imputation, which uses all the available information and allows to approximate the partial maximum likelihood estimator.This approach is based on the generation of several plausible complete data sets, taking into account all the uncertainty about the missing values. It allows adapting any statistical tool available for cohort data, for instance, estimators of the predictive ability of a model or of an additional variable, which meet specific problems with case-cohort data. We have shown that the imputation model must be estimated on all the completely observed subjects (cases and non-cases) including the case indicator among the explanatory variables. We validated this approach with several sets of simulations: 1) completely simulated data where the true parameter values were known, 2) case-cohort data simulated from the PRIME cohort, without any phase-1 variable (completely observed) strongly predictive of the phase-2 variable (incompletely observed), 3) case-cohort data simulated from de NWTS cohort, where a phase-1 variable strongly predictive of the phase-2 variable was available. These simulations showed that multiple imputation generally provided unbiased estimates of the risk ratios. For the phase-1 variables, they were almost as precise as the estimates provided by the full cohort, slightly more precise than Breslow et al. calibrated estimator and still more precise than classical weighted estimators. For the phase-2 variables, the multiple imputation estimator was generally unbiased, with a precision better than classical weighted estimators and similar to Breslow et al. calibrated estimator. The simulations performed with the NWTS cohort data provided less satisfactory ...