The antiquity of cranial surgery in Europe and in the Mediterranean basin

Through personal observations and a literature study we have made a synthesis of the most ancient healed trephinations in Europe and in the Mediterranean basin. Cases of small dimensions that were carried out with simple techniques are found in the Mesolithic populations from North Africa, Ukraine and Portugal. The first Neolithic examples of trephinations are extensive and have been realised with more sophisticated techniques. This suggests that the development of agriculture was accompanied by the command of new procedures in the field of surgery. ; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ3-42VM9MY-8/1/67dcf2f089abb7c7a878392eb1dfc3c0