Factors Affecting Bone Temperature Increase During Implant Surgery - Review

IntroductionDuring implant surgery certain amount of heat is produced. It is known that temperature increase above the critical threshold of 47°C for a minute could lead to thermal osteonecrosis, which could be the reason for an early implant failure.AimThe aim of this review was to reveal the multifactorial nature of bone temperature rise during dental implant surgery.Materials and MethodsPubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched to select articles related to the topic. The review includes articles published from 1972 to 2019, only in English language. ResultsAll reviewed original articles, describing studies, whose aim was to observe the heat generation during implant surgery, are experimental. A few reviews were included. As potential risk factors for thermal damage of the bone were considered the site preparation protocol, drill wear, drill design, drilling speed and cooling effectiveness.ConclusionHeat generation during implant site preparation could be increased by performing guided implant or piezoelectric surgery. The use of combined irrigation at higher speeds, sharper drills and laser-assisted osteotomy could help avoid the risk of thermal damage to the bone. The heat production during the implant site preparation is a subject to many studies, but there is still a lack of data about the temperature rise during implant insertion.