Image 2_Women with premenstrual syndrome exhibit high interoceptive accuracy, but low awareness, with parasympathetic rebound responses from stress.tiff

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by emotional or physical discomfort that occurs specifically during the luteal phase. However, women with PMS typically do not exhibit abnormalities in serum sex hormone levels or structural anomalies, making it challenging to identify distinct pathological findings unique to PMS. Instead, they may exhibit hypersensitivity to fluctuations in sex hormone levels within the normal range. This study involved experiments conducted in the late luteal phase. The pre-stress baseline state evaluated the effects of PMS on interoception using the Heartbeat Counting Task (HCT) and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA), and the effects on emotional states using a questionnaire assessing subjective emotions in the late luteal phase. The results indicated that the “PMS group” scored higher on the HCT compared to the “without PMS group,” while their MAIA scores were lower. Additionally, the PMS group reported experiencing more negative and stressful states. The findings suggest that women with PMS demonstrate high accuracy in but lower awareness of interoception. This mismatch between “accuracy” and “awareness” may indicate a maladaptive state regarding mental health. The stress-related analysis examined whether the effects of stress on exacerbating PMS include impacts on interoception and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). States before baseline, immediately after, and during stress recovery were evaluated. The results revealed that women in the PMS group exhibited more pronounced negative and stressful states; they showed higher scores on the HCT, with scores progressively increasing as the task was repeated. Regarding ANS indices, no main effect of group was observed, but parasympathetic activity increased during the recovery period compared to the pre-stress baseline. In the degree of changes in parasympathetic activity from the baseline to post-stress and recovery periods, a group-by-time interaction effect was observed. These findings suggest that ...