Paleogenetic study of two collective burials of Neolithic (Mont-Aimé, Paris Basin, 3500-3000 BC) ; Etude paléogénétique de deux sépultures collectives du Néolithique (mont Aimé, Bassin parisien, 3500-3000 av. J.C.)

In France, two cultural currents came into contact from the early Neolithic (6000-4700 BC): the Mediterranean current from the south and the Danubian current from the east. As part of this thesis work, we studied two multiple burials in the Paris Basin which could be located at the meeting point of these two currents; these are hypogeum 1 and 2 of Mont-Aimé (Marne, France) used at the end of the Neolithic (3500-3000 BC). In these two underground burial complexes of similar construction, genetic analyzes were carried out on 30 of the buried subjects. The study of autosomal STRs (Short Tandem Repeats) allowed the characterization of the sex of individuals as well as the determination of close family ties. The analysis of STR and SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) of the Y chromosome has not only made it possible to trace the paternal lines but also to compare them with those carried by other ancient and modern populations. Finally, the sequencing of the entire mitochondrial DNA molecule has similarly enabled the study of maternal lines. Combined analysis of archaeological data and nuclear DNA revealed details of the site's chronology and demonstrated the presence of genetic relatedness within and between the two hypogea. These results thus contribute to our understanding of the structural similarities between the two collective burials, used by successive generations of individuals. The study of uniparental lineages has shown a diversity of mitochondrial haplotypes characteristic of the European Neolithic but also shed light on the homogeneity of the Y chromosome haplotypes, none of which is found in other ancient or modern populations. This result suggests the presence, in the Neolithic population of the Paris Basin, of human groups carrying maternal lines typical of the period and paternal lines that were already rare and now extinct. If the presence of these male lineages, probably from the European Paleolithic, does not allow the group of individuals from Mont-Aimé to be linked to one or the other of the ...