Fabrication of electrospun scaffolds with cell laden hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering

Tissue engineering strategies create artificial substitutes for the regeneration of damaged tissues, beginning with the fabrication of scaffolds moving then to cell incorporation onto those scaffolds and subsequent tissue growth in vitro. Cell seeding techniques, unfortunately, are usually ineffective to develop scaffolds with homogenous cell distribution, resulting in non-functional tissue formation [1]. With electrospun scaffolds, cell incorporation becomes even more challenging. Electrospun scaffolds are a very tightly packed layer of fibers with small pores, that makes difficult the migration of cells onto the scaffolds, as well as, the diffusion of nutrients and wastes. To overcome this drawback, the direct incorporation of cells, using electrospraying technique, onto the scaffolds during the electrospinning process has been reported. Cell electrospraying is a jet-based technique that allows the spray of living cells onto the materials by applying an electric charge in a cellular suspension [2]. Several studies have proved that cells can survive and proliferate after electrospraying process [3], [4]. Still, previous work has shown that while uniformly distributed cell-laden scaffolds can be fabricated using this technique, some issues remain. Cell desiccation on top of the fibers due to longer duration of the experiment and inadequate cell environment – low temperature and CO2 concentration – and solvent toxicity are the main limitations for the optimal efficiency of cell electrospray process onto electrospun fibers. In this regard, in this work, the production of electrospun scaffolds was combined with the electrospray of chondrocyte laden hydrogel creating a shield/protection around the cells during and after the electrospray process, preventing its dehydration. For that, a polymeric solution of polycaprolactone (PCL) and gelatin was electrospun alternately with a chondrocyte-laden sodium alginate hydrogel electrospray. Sodium alginate is a natural polymer widely used in biomedical engineering due to its ...