Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting for Powering Wireless Monitoring Systems

The urgent need for a clean and sustainable power supply for wireless sensor nodes and low-power electronics in various monitoring systems and the Internet of Things has led to an explosion of research in substitute energy technologies. Traditional batteries are still the most widely used power source for these applications currently but have been blamed for chemical pollution, high maintenance cost, bulky volume, and limited energy capacity. Ambient energy in different forms such as vibration, movement, heat, wind, and waves otherwise wasted can be converted into usable electricity using proper transduction mechanisms to power sensors and low-power devices or charge rechargeable batteries. This dissertation focuses on the design, modeling, optimization, prototype, and testing of novel piezoelectric energy harvesters for extracting energy from human walking, bio-inspired bi-stable motion, and torsional vibration as an alternative power supply for wireless monitoring systems. To provide a sustainable power supply for health care monitoring systems, a piezoelectric footwear harvester is developed and embedded inside a shoe heel for scavenging energy from human walking. The harvester comprises of multiple 33-mode piezoelectric stacks within single-stage force amplification frames sandwiched between two heel-shaped aluminum plates taking and reallocating the dynamic force at the heel. The single-stage force amplification frame is designed and optimized to transmit, redirect, and amplify the heel-strike force to the inner piezoelectric stack. An analytical model is developed and validated to predict precisely the electromechanical coupling behavior of the harvester. A symmetric finite element model is established to facilitate the mesh of the transducer unit based on a material equivalent model that simplifies the multilayered piezoelectric stack into a bulk. The symmetric FE model is experimentally validated and used for parametric analysis of the single-stage force amplification frame for a large force ...