Grape products and by-products: comparative analysis of phenolic profile and in vitro biological activities

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are one of the most widely produced crops in the world, with approximately 75 million tons produced every year; about 41% are produced in Europe, 29% in Asia and 21% in the Americas. About 45% of grapes produced is used as such or as fresh derivatives, while the remaining 55% is fermented for wine production [1]. In the last years, in parallel with the wine industry, the interest in grape non-fermented derivatives or by-products, as a source of health-promoting compounds, has notably increased. This could be due, among other factors, to:1- national/international campaigns intended to reduce the alcohol abuse/misuse, especially among adolescents and young people [2]; 2-the promotion of winery by-products valorization, with the aim of reducing the negative impact of winemaking practices on the environment [3]. As a consequence, grape products that received more attention are fresh table grapes, raisins, grape leaves and pomace, the latter deriving from wine industry. Grape products are consumed as such (table grapes), as ingredients of food products (raisins, winemaking by-products) or as extracts for food supplement formulation (mainly grape leaves and winemaking by-products). In addition to nutritional aspects, grapes derivatives are among the richest sources of polyphenols; among them, flavonoids are the most abundant, especially flavanols, flavonols, phenolic acids and anthocyanins (red varieties). A broad spectrum of beneficial properties for human health have been associated with these compounds, including the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, both factors contributing to the progression of different chronic diseases [4]. On this basis, the aim of the present work was the characterization of the phenolic pattern and the evaluation of some biological properties of different grape derivatives, including: thirteen table grapes varieties; four samples of raisins; one extract of Vitis vinifera leaves; nine grape pomaces deriving from different varieties of red wine grapes. ...