A cost of ownership analysis of batteries in all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles

Exploring legal documents such as laws, judgments, and contracts is known to be a time-consuming task. To support domain experts in efficiently browsing their contents, legal documents in electronic form are commonly enriched with semantic annotations. They consist of a list of headwords indicating the main topics. Annotations are commonly organized in taxonomies, which comprise both a set of is-a hierarchies, expressing parent/child-sibling relationships, and more arbitrary related-to semantic links. This paper addresses the use of Deep Learning-based Natural Language Processing techniques to automatically extract unknown taxonomy relationships between pairs of legal documents. Exploring the document content is particularly useful for automatically classifying legal document pairs when topic-level relationships are partly out-of-date or missing, which is quite common for related-to links. The experimental results, collected on a real heterogeneous collection of Italian legal documents, show that word-level vector representations of text are particularly effective in leveraging the presence of domain-specific terms for classification and overcome the limitations of contextualized embeddings when there is a lack of annotated data.