How does the verb 'give' relate to a universal human act? Uses and meanings of this verb across the languages of the world ; La verbo 'doni' rilatas al universala homa ago. Esprimoj kaj signifoj de tiu verbo tra la lingvoj de la mondo ; Examen du verbe 'donner' en relation avec l'universalité de l'acte de don : Expressions et significations de ce verbe dans différentes langues du monde ; Como se relaciona o verbo dar com as ações humanas universais? Usos e significados deste verbo pelas línguas do mundo

International audience ; The act described by the verb giveis a universal act which can be observed in mankind's most diverse cultures. Important anthropological theories insist on this universality of giving. Is this universality reflected in the use of the verb across the various languages of the world? In fact the verb give has different translations according to the language and each language presents the notion in its own specific way. A separate problem is that the verb give can have different meanings according to the context. Therefore, it is not possible to explain the meaning of give by the simple image of "some person who without payment lets another person have a concrete object" (as generally happens in the case of presents). This polysemy is found in many languages. We propose to present data on this topic from various linguistic studies of various languages of the world, amongst them Esperanto, French, Latin, Ancient Greek, English, German, Dutch, Czech, Russian, Japanese and Chinese, but also less well-known languages, such as languages of Africa (Ikwerre) and South-America (Chinantec). Polysemy can be observed in those very different languages, and we can also observe hat the polysemy of this verb does not occur randomly but according to the internal logic of the language processes. The universality of such processes enables a more fundamental understanding of the notion that the verb give (and likewise similar verbs in other languages) aims to express. We propose modelling this notion according to the so-called method of schematic forms, a method that is used within the framework of the theory of Culioli (1990, 1999). It is interesting here that this model not only explains why give functions as a universal notion, but also why this human act is widely observed in the various languages and cultures of the world. ; La ago priskribata per la verbo doni estas universala ago, kiu observiĝas en la plej diversaj kulturoj de la homaro. Gravaj antropologiaj teorioj insistis pri tiu universaleco de ...