Headache in Pediatric Moyamoya Disease after Revascularization Surgery

Introduction: Patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) often have headaches after successful revascularization surgery. We aimed to characterize headache in surgically treated MMD patients and elucidate its clinical meaning and pathophysiology. Methods: Headache and related symptoms were surveyed using structured questionnaires in pediatric MMD patients with follow-up for 6 months or longer after indirect revascularization surgery. Clinical information including initial presentation, surgical method, and outcome was collected from medical records. Surgical outcomes were assessed clinically and by perfusion imaging. We defined "headache associated with MMD" as the headache accompanied by a transient ischemic attack or provoked by hyperventilation. Other headaches were further classified based on the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society-3. We analyzed the characteristics of "headache associated with MMD" and newly developed headache after surgery. Results: Among 90 participants, 65 (72.2%) had headaches within the last year before survey, including 28 (43.1%) with "headaches associated with MMD," 10 (15.3%) with probable migraines, 2 (3.1%) with infrequent episodic tension-type headaches, and 4 (6.2%) with probable tension-type headaches. Headache quality was pulsatile in 27 (41.5%) patients and pressing or tightening in 27 (41.5%) patients. Nausea or vomiting was accompanied in 30 (46.2%) patients. Headache upon awakening was reported in 37 (57.8%) patients. Headache disturbed daily life in 12 (18.5%) patients. Among the 32 (35.6%) patients who suffered headache during both the pre- and postoperative period, the headache quality was similar in 27 (84.4%) patients, and its severity decreased in 24 (75.0%) and did not change in 8 (25.0%) patients. Twelve (13.3%) patients experienced newly developed headaches after surgery. Among them, six (50.0%) were classified as having "headaches associated with MMD." They were predominantly electric shock-like or stabbing in 5 (45.6%) patients and nondisturbing ...