نبذة مختصرة : Precise point positioning (PPP) is a GNSS processing strategy for the estimation of station coordinates, receiver clocks, and zenith total delays with high efficiency, precision, and accuracy. However, to achieve the highest quality in PPP solutions, precise satellite orbits and clocks products, and various bias information for code and carrier observations, necessary for PPP integer ambiguity resolution (AR), are essential. These critical products are routinely provided by the International GNSS Service (IGS) and its analysis centers. Due to the undifferenced nature of PPP solutions, they are particularly affected by error sources and in case of insufficient mitigation models, residual errors may propagate into the solutions and contaminate the time series of the estimates. Also, inconsistencies between model implementations in software used during product generation and the ones employed by users during product application, lead to artifacts in the PPP solutions. On the other hand, PPP AR does compensate somewhat and improve the solutions despite the frequently inseparable sources of residual errors. In this study, we present an analysis of single and multi-GNSS PPP AR solutions using observations from the GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo constellations. We employed three independent software packages, the Bernese GNSS Software v5.4, PRIDE v2.2, and GipsyX v2.1, each employing their recommended set of products and processing settings while attempting to keep settings as consistent as possible between the software packages and processing runs. We processed data from 100 globally distributed IGS stations, carefully selected for known quality and network geometry, for 2019.0 – 2023.5. In our analysis, we evaluate the impact of different single- and multi-constellation GNSS PPP-AR solutions in terms of time series characteristics, mean coordinate differences, and solution repeatabilities for the different software packages.
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