Computational and neural models of oculomotor control.

Seeing is more than sight: it is the entire action-perception loop involved in taking in the world around us. Unlike a camera, our eyes can only resolve a small part of the environment sharply. Therefore, we must constantly move our eyes to scrutinise the parts of our environment that seem most worthy of our highest visual acuity. Eye movements are thus the observable consequences of a complex and crucial decision-making process that is fundamental to how we interact with the world. This thesis investigates properties and the neural basis of eye-movement behavior in humans and monkeys. In the interdisciplinary tradition of cognitive science, the thesis spans fields and utilizes computational models as explanatory vehicles. A central theme is the so-called saliency map model of attention, the de facto computational model of viewing behavior. The saliency map model assumes that attention is directed at the peaks of a map that encodes the saliency of locations in the visual field. Saliency can roughly be thought of as how worthy a location is of attention. It forms a common currency that allows different processes to influence the distribution of attention. The four different studies in this thesis provide four different perspectives on viewing behavior and the saliency map model. The first study establishes a methodology to evaluate the predictive power of models of viewing behavior, and determines which properties of viewing behavior are important for this evaluation. Applying this methodological foundation to the saliency map model reveals that state-of-the-art models do not provide satisfactory explanations of viewing behavior. The second study investigates spatio-temporal properties of eye-movements, finding that observers often re-fixate locations in pictures and that their eye movements possess a rich spatio-temporal structure. These results speak directly against a causal role of "inhibition of return", which is a popular component of many saliency map models. The third study shifts focus to the neural ...