نبذة مختصرة : Background: The Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) (NCT00179777) found no difference type 1 diabetes risk between hydrolyzed and regular infant formula. However, cow milk consumption during childhood is consistently linked to type 1 diabetes risk in prospective cohort studies. Objectives: Our primary aim was to study whether humoral immune responses to cow milk and cow milk consumption are associated with type 1 diabetes in TRIGR children. Methods: TRIGR comprised 2159 children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes born between 2002 and 2007 in 15 countries. Children were randomly assigned into groups receiving extensively hydrolyzed casein or a regular cow milk formula and followed up until age 10 y. Type 1 diabetes-related autoantibodies and antibodies to cow milk proteins were analyzed. Infant formula intake was measured by structured dietary interviews and milk consumption with a food frequency questionnaire. Associations of milk antibodies and milk consumption with risk to develop type 1 diabetes were analyzed using Cox survival model. Results: Cow milk antibody concentrations both in cord blood [hazards ratio (HR) for islet autoimmunity: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.61; HR for type 1 diabetes: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.71] and longitudinally from birth to 3 years (HR for islet autoimmunity: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.81; HR for type 1 diabetes: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.96) were associated with increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. The amount of regular infant formula was associated with reduced islet autoimmunity risk in the regular infant formula group (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.99). Furthermore, frequent liquid milk consumption after infancy was associated with increased risk of islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes. Conclusions: Elevated cow milk antibody concentrations and high consumption of liquid milk after infancy are related to type 1 diabetes development in children with an increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Enhanced antibody concentrations to cow milk may ...
Relation: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (grants 1DP3DK106918-01, HD040364, HD042444, and HD051997), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, JDRF, the Commission of the European Communities (specific RTD programme Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources, contract QLK1-2002-00372 Diabetes Prevention), the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes/JDRF/Novo Nordisk Focused Research Grant, Academy of Finland (Centre of Excellence in Molecular Systems Immunology and Physiology Research 2012-2017, Decision No. 250114, Decision No. 339922), Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation, and Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation. The study sponsors were not involved in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing the report; or the decision to submit the report for publication. The authors confirm there is no duality of interest associated with this manuscript. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (grants 1DP3DK106918-01, HD040364, HD042444, and HD051997), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, JDRF, the Commission of the European Communities (specific RTD programme Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources, contract QLK1-2002-00372 Diabetes Prevention), the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes/JDRF/Novo Nordisk Focused Research Grant, Academy of Finland (Centre of Excellence in Molecular Systems Immunology and Physiology Research 2012-2017, Decision No. 250114, Decision No. 339922), Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation, and Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation. The study sponsors were not involved in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing the report; or the decision to submit the report for publication.; TRIGR Investigators , Niinistö , S , Cuthbertson , D , Miettinen , M E , Hakola , L , Nucci , A , Korhonen , T E , Hyöty , H , Krischer , J P , Vaarala , O , Knip , M , Savilahti , E & Virtanen , S M 2024 , ' High Concentrations of Immunoglobulin G Against Cow Milk Proteins and Frequency of Cow Milk Consumption Are Associated With the Development of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes—The Trial to Reduce Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) Study ' , Journal of Nutrition , vol. 154 , no. 8 , pp. 2493-2500 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.06.005; http://hdl.handle.net/10138/584762; a089ad1f-d9a2-4da2-930c-bac91a634baa; 85198108348; 001302171700001
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