Impact of horizontal resolution and model time step on European precipitation extremes in the OpenIFS 43r3 atmosphere model

Events of extreme precipitation pose a hazard to many parts of Europe but are typically not well represented in climate models. Here, we evaluate daily extreme precipitation over Europe during 1982–2019 in observations (GPCC), reanalysis (ERA5) and a set of atmosphere-only simulations at low- (100 km), medium- (50 km) and high- (25 km) horizontal resolution with identical vertical resolutions using OpenIFS (version 43r3). We find that both OpenIFS simulations and reanalysis underestimate the rates of extreme precipitation compared to observations. The biases are largest for the lowest resolution (100 km) and decrease with increasing horizontal resolution (50 and 25 km) simulations in all seasons. The sensitivity to horizontal resolution is particularly high in mountain regions (such as the Alps, Scandinavia, Iberian Peninsula), likely linked to the sensitivity of vertical velocity to the representation of topography. The sensitivity of precipitation to model resolution increases dramatically with increasing percentiles, with modest biases in the 70 th –80 th percentile range and large biases above the 99 th percentile range. We also find that precipitation above the 99 th percentile mostly consists of large-scale precipitation (~80 %) in winter, while in summer it is mostly large-scale precipitation in Northern Europe (~70 %) and convective precipitation in Southern Europe (~70 %). Compared to ERA5, the OpenIFS overestimates large-scale precipitation extremes in winter, but underestimates in summer. The discrepancy between OpenIFS and ERA5 decreases with increasing horizontal resolutions. We also examine the sensitivity of extreme precipitation to model time step and find that the convective contribution to extreme precipitation is more sensitive to the model time step than the horizontal resolution. This is likely due to the sensitivity of convective activity to model time step. On the other hand, the large-scale contribution to extreme precipitation is more sensitive to horizontal ...