نبذة مختصرة : This historical review traces key discoveries regarding K + and Na + ions in skeletal muscle at rest and with exercise, including contents and concentrations, Na +,K +-ATPase (NKA) and exercise effects on plasma [K +] in humans. Following initial measures in 1896 of muscle contents in various species, including humans, electrical stimulation of animal muscle showed K + loss and gains in Na +, Cl - and H 20, then subsequently bidirectional muscle K + and Na + fluxes. After NKA discovery in 1957, methods were developed to quantify muscle NKA activity via rates of ATP hydrolysis, Na +/K + radioisotope fluxes, [ 3H]-ouabain binding and phosphatase activity. Since then, it became clear that NKA plays a central role in Na +/K + homeostasis and that NKA content and activity are regulated by muscle contractions and numerous hormones. During intense exercise in humans, muscle intracellular [K +] falls by 21 mM (range - 13 to - 39 mM), interstitial [K +] increases to 12-13 mM, and plasma [K +] rises to 6-8 mM, whilst post-exercise plasma [K +] falls rapidly, reflecting increased muscle NKA activity. Contractions were shown to increase NKA activity in proportion to activation frequency in animal intact muscle preparations. In human muscle, [ 3H]-ouabain-binding content fully quantifies NKA content, whilst the method mainly detects α 2 isoforms in rats. Acute or chronic exercise affects human muscle K +, NKA content, activity, isoforms and phospholemman (FXYD1). Numerous hormones, pharmacological and dietary interventions, altered acid-base or redox states, exercise training and physical inactivity modulate plasma [K +] during exercise. Finally, historical research approaches largely excluded female participants and typically used very small sample sizes.
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