Natural springs protection and probabilistic risk assessment under uncertain conditions

The study introduces a comprehensive framework for natural springs' protection and probabilistic risk assessment in the presence of uncertainty associated with the characterization of the groundwater system. The methodology is applied to a regional-scale hydrogeological setting, located in Northern Italy and characterized by the presence of high-quality natural springs forming a unique system whose preservation is of critical importance for the region. Diverse risk pathways are presented to constitute a fault tree model enabling identification of all basic events, each associated with uncertainty and contributing to an undesired system failure. The latter is quantified in terms of hydraulic head falling below a given threshold value for at least one amongst all active springs. The workflow explicitly includes the impact of model parameter uncertainty on the evaluation of the overall probability of system failure due to alternative groundwater extraction strategies. To cope with conceptual model uncertainty, two models based on different reconstructions of the aquifer geological structure are considered. In each conceptual model, hydraulic conductivities related to the geomaterials composing the aquifer are affected by uncertainty. It is found that (a) the type of conceptual model employed to characterize the aquifer structure strongly affects the probability of system failure and (b) uncertainties associated with the ensuing conductivity fields, even as constrained through model calibration, lead to different impacts on the variability of hydraulic head levels at the springs depending on the conceptual model adopted. The results of the study demonstrate that the proposed approach enables one to (i) quantify the risk associated with springs depletion due to alternative strategies of aquifer exploitation; (ii) quantify the way diverse sources of uncertainty (i.e., model and parameter uncertainty) affect the probability of system failure; (iii) determine the optimal exploitation strategy ensuring system ...