Archaeology of a Rural Qanāt: Water Management and Social Relations in 17th Century Isfahān, Iran

This study investigates the water management structures and social relations that centred around a specific qanāt line in a rural setting in Iran during the Safavid period, specifically in the mid-17th c. CE. The setting is northwest of Isfahān, near Varkān, at a site called Mobārrak Ābād. The method combines analysis of documentary evidence and remote sensing of historical aerial photography. The documentary evidence provides administrative details of a suyūrghāl grant to Mohammad Beig E’temād-al-Dowleh by Shah ‘Abbās II. In combining this with the physical characteristics of the qanāt of Mobārrak Ābād, as derived from the aerial photograph, I provide identification and analysis of the two canals providing water beyond the garden and the use of the water derived from the qanāt for agricultural irrigation and in Aranjon’s village infrastructure. The conclusions discuss the material conditions in the periphery of the prosperous and fertile Isfahān region and provide a relative dating to the qanāt and associated infrastructure. The personal and social relations that can be derived from this evidence are relations of personal and economic dependency between Mohammad Beig E´temād-al-Dowleh and the Shah on the one hand, as well as the labour relations between the peasant population living with and from the qanāt who maintain this infrastructure and the administrative superstructure on the other. The article thus provides new insights into an under-investigated subject and region in the period.