Variables Affecting Repetition in Compulsory Education in Spain

The aim of this study is to identify variables that influence grade repetition in compulsory education in Spain, according to the scientific literature. A systematic review was carried out in the Web of Science, Scopus, and Dialnet databases, and content analysis was employed to identify 67 variables that were incorporated into a model structured into six factors that fell into two groups: non-academic (individual and family) and academic (student, classmates, teachers, and school). The study concludes that a diagnosis of these variables may help to design measures (for prevention and intervention) adapted to the needs of each student. Furthermore, the considerable weight carried by family variables, both in the student and in the school context, reinforces the need to seek synergies between education and social policy to support the most disadvantaged families