Toll-like receptor-mediated down-regulation of the deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) protects macrophages from necroptosis in wild-derived mice

Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system initiates the production of proinflammatory cytokines but can also lead to programmed host cell death. Necroptosis, a caspase-independent cell death pathway, can contribute to the host defense against pathogens or cause damage to host tissues. Receptor-interacting protein (RIP1) is a serine/threonine kinase that integrates inflammatory and necroptotic responses. To investigate the mechanisms of RIP1-mediated activation of immune cells, we established a genetic screen on the basis of RIP1-mediated necroptosis in wild-derived MOLF/EiJ mice, which diverged from classical laboratory mice over a million years ago. When compared with C57BL/6, MOLF/EiJ macrophages were resistant to RIP1-mediated necroptosis induced by Toll-like receptors. Using a forward genetic approach in a backcross panel of mice, we identified cylindromatosis (CYLD), a deubiquitinase known to act directly on RIP1 and promote necroptosis in TNF receptor signaling, as the gene conferring the trait. We demonstrate that CYLD is required for Toll-like receptor-induced necroptosis and describe a novel mechanism by which CYLD is down-regulated at the transcriptional level in MOLF/EiJ macrophages to confer protection from necroptosis.