Contributors: Institut Pasteur de Madagascar; Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP); Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES); Department of Biosciences [Oslo]; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo]; University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo]; University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO); Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU); Yersinia; Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP); University of Oxford; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Oficina General de Epidemiologia [Lima, Peru]; Ministerio de Salud de Perú [Lima]; Unité Peste - Plague Unit [Antananarivo, Madagascar]; Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP); Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology; Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM); Rocky Mountain Laboratories; Unité d'immunologie des maladies infectieuses [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM); Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology; Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI); Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM); HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM); HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM); Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM); HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM); Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff]; University of Aberdeen; REACTing; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris]; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP); Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT); Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Natural Resources Institute [Chatham]; University of Greenwich; The workshop meeting where the contents of this article were developed was hosted by the Institut Pasteur (Paris, France) with financial and organizational support from the Department of International Affairs, the Emerging Disease Epidemiology Unit, the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit and REACTing-Inserm. Oswaldo Cabanillas’s travel was financed by the Department of International Affairs at the Institut Pasteur (Paris, France). Travel costs for Laurence Baril and Maherisoa Ratsitorahina were financially supported by USAID (Grant n° AID-687-G-13-00003), and for Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanan and Minoarisoa Rajerison by Northern Arizona University (through HDTRA1-11-16-BRCWMD-BAA). Attendance of Steven Belmain was supported by the African Union (Grant AURGII/1/006/2016). Travel and accommodation for Feno Rakotoarimanana, and accommodation for Romain Girod, Beza Ramasindrazana, Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanana, and Minoarisoa Rajerison, were financially supported by the Wellcome Trust/UK Department for International Development (Grant 211309/Z/18/Z) and REACTing-Inserm. All other participants financially supported travel and accommodation through their own institutional funding. The preparation and editing of the manuscript was financially supported by Wellcome Trust/UK Department for International Development (Grant 211309/Z/18/Z).; List of the other participants to the Plague Workshop (by alphabetical order): Fabrice Biot, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, France; Carine Brouat, IRD, France; Simon Cauchemez, Infectious Diseases Mathematical Modelling Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Rob Cohen, USAID, Washington, DC, USA; Koussay Dellagy, Department of International Affairs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Nathalie Denoyes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Hebert Echenique-Rivera, Yersinia Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Florence Fouque, TDR, WHO, Lyon, France; Stephen Francesconi, Defence Threat Reduction Agency, Washington, DC, USA; Anna Funk, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Finnian Hanrahan, DG Research, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium; Mireille Harimalala, Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Nadia Khellef, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Anne-Sophie Le Guern, Yersinia Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Nadine Lemaitre, Bacteriology Department, CHU Lille, France; Jean-Claude Manuguerra, CIBU, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Jodie Mac Vernon, GLoPID-R, University of Melbourne, Australia; Serge Morand, CIRAD, Bangkok, Thailand; Birgit Nikolay, Infectious Diseases Mathematical Modelling Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Juliette Paireau, Infectious Diseases Mathematical Modelling Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Anna Paoletti, Ministry for Higher Education and Research, Paris, France; Feno MJ Rakotoarimanana, Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Zely Randriamanatany, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Laurent Raskine, Fondation Mérieux; Stéphanie Simon, CEA de Saclay, France; Cathy Roth, Department for International Development, London, UK; Alex Salam, Epidemic Diseases Research Group Oxford (ERGO), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Florent Sebbane, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France; Christophe Shako, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Democratic Republic of Congo; Quirine Ten Bosch, Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Kathleen Victoir, Department of International Affairs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.; Demeure, Christian E.; Institut Pasteur [Paris]; University of Oxford [Oxford]; Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM); Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR)
نبذة مختصرة : Yersinia pestis, the bacterial causative agent of plague, remains an important threat to human health. Plague is a rodent-borne disease that has historically shown an outstanding ability to colonize and persist across different species, habitats, and environments while provoking sporadic cases, outbreaks, and deadly global epidemics among humans. Between September and November 2017, an outbreak of urban pneumonic plague was declared in Madagascar, which refocused the attention of the scientific community on this ancient human scourge. Given recent trends and plague’s resilience to control in the wild, its high fatality rate in humans without early treatment, and its capacity to disrupt social and healthcare systems, human plague should be considered as a neglected threat. A workshop was held in Paris in July 2018 to review current knowledge about plague and to identify the scientific research priorities to eradicate plague as a human threat. It was concluded that an urgent commitment is needed to develop and fund a strong research agenda aiming to fill the current knowledge gaps structured around 4 main axes: (i) an improved understanding of the ecological interactions among the reservoir, vector, pathogen, and environment; (ii) human and societal responses; (iii) improved diagnostic tools and case management; and (iv) vaccine development. These axes should be cross-cutting, translational, and focused on delivering context-specific strategies. Results of this research should feed a global control and prevention strategy within a “One Health” approach.
Author summary The historical aspect of plague makes for fascinating reading, due to its capacity to disrupt human society and its socioeconomic and cultural impacts throughout human history. We argue that the Madagascar outbreak in 2017 is a tipping point in human plague epidemiology and a call to elevate research priorities on plague as a matter of some urgency. In contrast with what occurred with the Ebola virus disease crisis in West Africa between 2013 and 2015 and the new coronaviruses (the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV] and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [MERS-CoV] as early warnings of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] pandemic), we have an opportunity to act preventively and enable evidence-based measures to avoid major health crises due to plague outbreaks in the near future.
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