A review on micromixers actuated with magnetic nanomaterials

The review (with 95 refs.) starts with an introduction that addresses the need for magnetic actuation in microfluidics. A second section describes the equations governing magnetic micromixing, with subsections on magnetic equations, fluid flow equations, and on convection–diffusion equations. The next section specifically covers magnetically actuated micromixers, with subsections on those actuated by external permanent magnets, by electromagnets, by microstirrers, and on micromixers with integrated electrodes. The conclusion summarizes the state of the art and addresses current challenges and trends.